WOOD ANEMONE

  ANEMONE NEMOROSA

This small delicate flower is an indicator of ancient woodland, which means you are standing in a very special and rare habitat.

It is a slow growing plant (1.83 metres / 6ft in a 100 years) which spreads via rhizomes – horizontal underground stems.

Coppicing helps sunlight to reach the wood floor and encourages the growth of this little flower

It’s loved by hoverflies which pollinate it.

Wood anemones are named after the Greek god Anemos, who sent the flowers ahead of him in spring.

 The Romans considered wood anemones a ‘lucky charm’ and would pick the first flowers each year to ward off fever.

Ivy ( hedera helix)

Ivy is often seen as a destroyer of trees, but this has since been found to be untrue. Ivy climbs up its host but does not kill trees, it simply uses the tree for support to reach for sunlight as it has its own root system and does not the “strangle” the tree.

Ivy is a fantastic provider of food and shelter for many insects, such as bees, butterflies and hoverflies; it provides a much- needed late bounty of nectar and autumnal berries for foraging birds and small mammals. Bats will use it to roost in and it also provides great nesting sites and year round shelter for many birds.

Ivy as a Christmas decoration came from a superstition that house goblins were at their most malicious at Christmas time and its magical powers, along with Holly, would guard against them if hung around doors and on fireplaces.

It takes 10 years of growth for Ivy to start producing flowers and berries, so please think twice before cutting it down.

Coppicing in Rowhill

To Coppice (To cut back a tree or shrub to ground level periodically to stimulate new growth)

At Rowhill, we practice coppicing during the winter months. We have 12 areas, or “cants” that we rotate. Coppicing is a healthy and beneficial form of woodland management. At Rowhill, our volunteers develop their skills to include fence building, hedge laying, tree felling (both with hand tools and for those specially trained with chainsaws). From coppicing, we’re able to produce and sell firewood and charcoal.

Periodic cutting actually prolongs the life of the tree as well as creating a rich mosaic of habitats, attracting a wide range of flora and fauna. Woods that have not been coppiced tend to be of the same age and structure, supporting fewer species.

Plants

When a new coppice panel is cut more light is let into the wood, four times more in spring and up to 20 times more in midsummer. This produces a sequence of changes in the plant life. First it stimulates a surge of growth from dormant seed and plants. In the second or third year, spring flowers, such as bluebells, oxlips, violets, primroses, wood anemones, ground ivy, yellow archangel and water avens, will carpet the ground.

More vigorous, light demanding species, such as grasses and brambles do not get a chance to dominate as the coppice canopy closes between five to eight years after cutting. This rapidly shades out most of the foliage underneath. But a few plants, such as dog’s mercury and herb paris prefer the shady conditions of older coppice.

Butterflies

Coppiced woodlands support more species of butterfly than any other habitat in the UK. Most butterflies have just one, or a small number of plants which their larvae will feed on and a poor ability to reach new, more suitable habitats. Usually these plants occur in open sunny areas created by coppicing or along woodland rides. Species such as the Duke of Burgundy fritillary whose larvae thrives on primrose, and the heath fritillary which needs cow wheat, wood sage or foxglove, have declined because of loss of habitat through neglected woodlands.

Insects like the warm microclimate and diverse vegetation of young coppice. Large numbers of ground species such as wolf spiders and ground beetles establish a year after cutting followed by numerous and diverse species in years two to five.

Mammals

Small mammals, like birds, are strongly influenced by the coppicing cycle. Mice, shrews and voles are often the first to appear in recently cut coppice. By the third year the small mammal population will probably be at a peak before decreasing gradually until the cycle is repeated.

Coppiced woodland in south and west England is one of the most important habitats of the common dormouse which needs a high diversity of tree species to provide food throughout the year. Dormice spend most of their lives in branches and foliage and require a continuous canopy of coppice and standards, but do not thrive in very old coppice.

Birds

In general, birds will take advantage of the flourishing insect life. But different species prefer different parts of the cycle. In very open coppice, during the first three or four months of growth, tree pipits can be the first to colonise sweet chestnuts, followed by yellowhammers, linnets and whitethroats.

By the third or fourth year, when low vegetation is becoming dense, there will be summer visitors such as the garden warbler, willow warbler, nightingale, blackcap and chiffchaff. They remain until about the 10th year and rapidly decrease afterwards.

Old coppice species include the robin, blackbird, chaffinch, great tit and blue tit. If the coppice contains large mature standard trees, woodpeckers, nut-hatches and treecreepers will often be present.

Our thanks to The Conservation Volunteers Handbooks for the above information.

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